਀吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ㄀㤀㤀㘀 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

Sir Harold Kroto

਀㰀瀀㸀吀栀攀 䐀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 䈀甀挀欀洀椀渀猀琀攀爀昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀 ⴀ 吀栀攀 䘀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀猀

Carbon

਀䔀瘀攀爀礀漀渀攀 欀渀漀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 搀椀愀洀漀渀搀猀 愀爀攀 猀瀀愀爀欀氀椀渀最 最攀洀猀琀漀渀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 ✀氀攀愀搀✀ 椀渀 瀀攀渀挀椀氀猀⸀ 圀栀愀琀 椀猀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 欀渀漀眀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀琀 昀椀爀猀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 猀琀爀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 瘀愀猀琀氀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 洀愀搀攀 甀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最 戀氀漀挀欀猀 ⴀ 挀愀爀戀漀渀 愀琀漀洀猀 ⠀椀攀⸀ 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 愀氀氀漀琀爀漀瀀攀猀⤀⸀

਀圀栀礀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 猀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 㼀 吀栀攀 愀渀猀眀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀琀爀愀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 愀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀最漀 眀栀攀渀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 瀀爀漀戀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 眀椀琀栀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀猀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀氀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀⸀ 䤀琀 琀甀爀渀猀 漀甀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀琀漀洀猀 椀渀 搀椀愀洀漀渀搀 愀爀攀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀搀 椀渀 愀 爀椀最椀搀 ㌀䐀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀琀漀洀猀 椀渀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 愀爀攀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀搀 椀渀 猀栀攀攀琀猀 漀昀 愀琀漀洀猀⸀ 䤀渀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀栀攀攀琀猀 挀愀渀 洀漀瘀攀 漀瘀攀爀 攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 昀爀攀攀氀礀 ⠀猀攀攀 琀栀攀 瀀椀挀琀甀爀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀愀最攀⤀ 戀甀琀 椀渀 搀椀愀洀漀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀琀漀洀猀 愀爀攀 栀攀氀搀 爀椀最椀搀氀礀⸀ 䐀椀愀洀漀渀搀 椀猀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 栀愀爀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 椀猀 猀漀昀琀⸀ 䘀甀爀琀栀攀爀 愀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀猀攀 氀椀渀攀猀 愀氀猀漀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀猀 眀栀礀 搀椀愀洀漀渀搀 椀猀 愀渀 椀渀猀甀氀愀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀 挀氀攀愀爀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 漀瀀愀焀甀攀⸀

਀倀攀漀瀀氀攀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀椀渀最 搀椀愀洀漀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀漀昀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀洀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䜀爀攀攀欀⸀ 䐀椀愀洀漀渀搀 洀攀愀渀猀 ✀椀渀瘀椀渀挀椀戀氀攀✀ 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 椀琀猀 栀愀爀搀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀愀爀搀攀猀琀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀氀礀 漀挀挀甀爀爀椀渀最 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀⸀ 䜀爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 洀攀愀渀猀 ✀琀漀 眀爀椀琀攀✀ 漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 琀栀椀猀 渀愀洀攀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 愀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 眀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 甀猀攀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 琀漀搀愀礀 椀渀 瀀攀渀挀椀氀猀⸀ 䐀椀愀洀漀渀搀 愀渀搀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀猀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀⸀ 䐀椀愀洀漀渀搀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 洀漀甀渀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀漀 搀爀椀氀氀 戀椀琀猀 琀漀 攀砀琀攀渀搀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀瀀 愀渀搀 愀氀氀漀眀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 挀甀琀 椀渀琀漀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 栀愀爀搀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀⸀ 䜀爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 洀漀琀漀爀猀Ⰰ 栀攀愀琀椀渀最 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀猀⸀

਀䤀琀 椀猀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 搀椀愀洀漀渀搀 愀渀搀 最爀愀瀀栀椀琀攀 愀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀⸀ 䤀渀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 椀猀 愀渀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 愀 琀栀椀爀搀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 猀琀椀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 椀昀 椀琀 眀攀爀攀 琀爀甀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 戀爀椀攀昀 猀琀漀爀礀 漀甀琀氀椀渀攀搀 戀攀氀漀眀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀 琀栀椀猀 渀攀眀 琀栀椀爀搀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 挀愀爀戀漀渀㬀 戀甀挀欀洀椀渀猀琀攀爀昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀 ⠀洀漀爀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䌀㘀　⤀ 愀渀搀 椀渀搀攀攀搀 椀琀 栀愀猀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 愀渀 攀砀瀀氀漀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀⸀ 䈀甀挀欀洀椀渀猀琀攀爀昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀 椀猀 愀 琀椀渀礀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 挀愀最攀 漀昀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 㘀　 愀琀漀洀猀 洀愀欀椀渀最 甀瀀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 猀栀愀瀀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀 琀爀甀渀挀愀琀攀搀 椀挀漀猀漀栀攀搀爀漀渀⸀ 夀漀甀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 眀攀氀氀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 椀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀猀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀 愀猀 愀 昀漀漀琀戀愀氀氀 ℀ ⠀㄀㈀ 瀀攀渀琀愀最漀渀猀 愀渀搀 ㈀　 栀攀砀愀最漀渀猀 挀漀甀渀琀 琀栀攀洀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀猀栀漀瀀 眀椀氀氀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀Ⰰ 愀渀愀氀礀猀攀 愀渀搀 瀀甀爀椀昀礀 䌀㘀　 礀漀甀爀猀攀氀昀⸀

਀䈀甀挀欀洀椀渀猀琀攀爀昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀 ⴀ 愀 猀琀爀愀渀最攀 渀愀洀攀 㼀  The round cage like structure of the fullerenes was reminiscent of the dome structures designed by the architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, and so C60 was named Buckminsterfullerene. These amazing buildings can cover large areas of land and the light weight and durable construction makes them ideal structures especially for building that have to withstand large changes in temperature and high winds such as found in the Arctic, for example. They also make good climbing frames and many small fuller type domes can be seen in playgrounds.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The discovery of microscopic amounts of Buckminsterfullerene

਀䌀㘀　Ⰰ 戀甀挀欀洀椀渀猀琀攀爀昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 眀栀漀氀攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 漀昀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 挀愀最攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀猀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㠀㔀 漀渀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 猀攀渀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 䌀㘀　 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 戀攀椀渀最 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 猀洀愀氀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 椀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀挀栀椀渀攀 眀愀猀 爀甀渀 昀漀爀 琀攀渀 礀攀愀爀猀 渀漀渀ⴀ猀琀漀瀀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀愀爀攀氀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 攀渀漀甀最栀 䌀㘀　 琀漀 氀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 漀昀 愀 琀攀猀琀 琀甀戀攀 ⠀愀 昀攀眀 洀椀氀氀椀最爀愀洀猀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀⤀⸀

਀䌀㘀　 眀愀猀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀氀礀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 洀椀挀爀漀猀挀漀瀀椀挀 愀洀漀甀渀琀猀 愀琀 氀攀瘀攀氀猀 琀漀漀 猀洀愀氀氀 琀漀 愀氀氀漀眀 瀀甀爀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 愀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 戀礀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㤀㠀㔀 ⴀ ㄀㤀㤀　 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀甀爀椀漀甀猀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀

਀䴀愀欀椀渀最 最爀愀洀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀猀 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The next scientific breakthrough came in 1990 when a German / American group and the Sussex group independently showed that C60 could be made in gram quantities using a carbon arc. The technique is essentially very simple; if a voltage is applied to two carbon rods, (just touching), an arc will develop between them. If the arc is maintained in helium or argon (instead of in air) clouds of black smoky carbon soot are produced. It turns out that at the correct arc temperature and gas pressure up to 10 % of the black soot is C60. Also present in the soots are 1% C70, and smaller quantities of larger fullerenes.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The fullerenes are also found to be soluble in common solvents such as benzene, toluene or chloroform. If you shake up some of the fullerene soot with toluene and filter the mixture, one obtains a red solution. If you take a drop of this solution and place it under microscope, as the solvent evaporates, crystals of pure carbon appear in front of your eyes. These crystals are made up of millions and millions of tiny balls all packed together side by side and on top of each other. The beautiful pictures obtained using high power electron microscopes dramatically confirm this.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Fullerene Science

਀一漀眀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 栀愀猀 愀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 昀愀猀挀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 渀攀眀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀挀爀攀搀椀戀氀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 栀愀猀 最爀漀眀渀 愀琀 愀渀 愀氀愀爀洀椀渀最 爀愀琀攀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 渀漀眀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀琀 氀漀漀欀猀 愀猀 琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 昀甀氀氀攀爀攀渀攀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 椀猀 栀攀爀攀 琀漀 猀琀愀礀⸀

਀䠀愀猀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 ✀琀爀椀挀欀猀 甀瀀 椀琀猀 猀氀攀攀瘀攀猀✀  soon after the discovery that the fullerenes could be made in the carbon arc other interesting carbon structures were discovered lurking in the carbon soot. Electron microscopes have uncovered tiny carbon tubes ('buckytubes'), some having diameters as small as 2 nm or so, many are thousands of times as long as they are wide. Carbon 'onions' have also been found and these can be considered as carbon cages one inside the other, rather like a carbon version of the Russian doll toy. These carbon particles have many millions of atoms and some have been observed with dozens of concentric shells.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The tubes and onions are likely to be composed of hexagonal and pentagonal carbon rings just like the fullerenes. However it looks as if structures having heptagonal (7 member) rings may also be possible. One such hypothetical structure is shown on the second page of this booklet. These nanoscale fullerene based structures (fullerenes, tubes and onions) represent a new range of carbon materials - materials destined to play a role in the technology of the 21st century.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ I was the kid with the funny name in my form. That is one of the earliest memories I have of school (except for being forced to finish school dinners). Other kids had typical Lancashire names such as Chadderton, Entwistle, Fairhurst, Higginbottom, Mottershead and Thistlethwaite though I must admit that there were the odd Smith, Jones and Brown. My name at that time was Krotoschiner (my father changed it to Kroto in 1955 so it is now occasionally thought, by some, to be Japanese). I felt as though I must have come from outer space - or maybe they did! I now realise that I had made a continual subconscious effort to blend as best I could into the environment by making my behaviour as identical as possible to that of the other kids. This was not easy indeed it was almost impossible with a couple of somewhat eccentric parents (in particular an extrovertly gregarious mother) who were born in Berlin and came to Britain as refugees in their late 30's.਀㰀瀀㸀 Bolton is a once prosperous but then (the fifties) decaying northern English town which is rightfully proud of its legendary contributions to the industrial revolution - the likes of Samuel Crompton and Richard Arkwright were Boltonians. Indeed we lived in Arkwright St. and I shall always remember walking to school each morning past the windows of cotton mills through which I could see the vast rows of massive looms and spinning frames operated by women who had been working from at least six o'clock in the morning, if not earlier.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 My efforts to merge into the background meant, among other things such as fighting (literally) for survival, speaking only English (all real Englishmen expect others to speak English) - though I allowed myself to absorb just enough German to understand what my parents were saying about me when they spoke German. One specific memory was that when I did particularly poorly at French one year my Father gave me a very large French dictionary for my birthday - was I pleased!!!਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀䴀礀 渀愀洀攀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 椀琀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀猀 椀渀 匀椀氀攀猀椀愀 眀栀攀爀攀 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀✀猀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 琀漀眀渀 椀渀 倀漀氀愀渀搀 渀漀眀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䬀爀漀琀漀猀稀礀渀 ⠀琀栀攀渀 䬀爀漀琀漀猀挀栀椀渀⤀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀✀猀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 䈀漀樀愀渀漀眀漀 愀渀搀 猀攀琀 甀瀀 愀 猀栀漀瀀 椀渀 䈀攀爀氀椀渀 眀栀攀爀攀 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 ㄀㤀　　⸀ 吀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 栀漀甀猀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 愀 猀栀漀瀀Ⰰ 猀琀椀氀氀 攀砀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 猀焀甀愀爀攀 椀渀 䈀漀樀愀渀漀眀漀⸀ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀渀 漀氀搀 瀀栀漀琀漀最爀愀瀀栀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 猀椀最渀 ∀䤀⸀ 䬀爀漀琀漀猀挀栀椀渀攀爀∀ 椀渀 最漀琀栀椀挀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀猀 攀洀戀氀愀稀攀渀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀搀漀眀⸀ 䤀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀 爀攀挀攀渀琀氀礀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀瀀愀爀琀 昀爀漀洀 挀愀爀猀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 栀漀爀猀攀搀爀愀眀渀 挀愀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀椀最渀Ⰰ 氀椀琀琀氀攀 栀愀猀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 䠀漀琀攀氀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀渀礀 椀猀 渀漀眀 琀栀攀 刀攀猀琀愀甀爀愀挀樀愀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀渀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀攀爀椀愀氀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀昀猀 愀爀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 琀栀攀爀攀℀

਀ My father, who originally wanted to be a dress designer but somehow ended up running a small business printing faces and other images on toy balloons, had to leave Berlin in 1937 and my mother (who was not Jewish) followed a few months later. I always felt that my parents had a really raw deal, as did almost everyone born in Europe at the turn of the Century. The First World War took place while they were teenagers, then the Depression struck and Hitler came to power while they were young adults. They had to leave their home country and then the Second World War broke out and they had to leave their home again. When my father was 45 he had to find a new profession, when he was 55 he set up his business again and when he was 65 he realised I was not going to take it over. He sold the business and retired in his early 70's.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀䤀 搀漀 渀漀琀 欀渀漀眀 栀漀眀 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 挀愀琀挀栀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀椀渀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 栀椀洀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀 椀渀琀漀 䠀漀氀氀愀渀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㜀⸀ 䘀漀爀 愀猀 氀漀渀最 愀猀 䤀 欀渀攀眀 栀椀洀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 氀愀琀攀 昀漀爀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最㬀 栀攀 椀渀瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀礀 洀椀猀猀攀搀 攀瘀攀爀礀 琀爀愀椀渀 漀爀 戀甀猀 栀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 挀愀琀挀栀⸀ 䠀攀 琀漀氀搀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 甀瀀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㜀 琀漀 最漀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䘀爀漀渀琀 戀甀琀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀 樀甀猀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀椀渀 眀愀猀 瀀甀氀氀椀渀最 漀甀琀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 栀攀 愀猀欀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀 洀愀猀琀攀爀 眀栀愀琀 栀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 搀漀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀漀氀搀 琀漀 最漀 栀漀洀攀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀渀 漀渀 栀攀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 洀椀猀猀椀渀最 琀爀愀椀渀猀 愀渀搀 戀甀猀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 洀愀搀攀 漀渀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㜀⸀ 䴀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 猀攀琀 甀瀀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀洀愀氀氀 戀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀 愀最愀椀渀 椀渀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 眀愀猀Ⰰ 漀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀Ⰰ 猀栀漀爀琀氀椀瘀攀搀 搀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀甀琀戀爀攀愀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀愀爀 椀渀 匀攀瀀琀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㌀㤀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 圀椀猀戀攀挀栀 ⠀愀 瘀攀爀礀 猀洀愀氀氀 琀漀眀渀 椀渀 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀猀栀椀爀攀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 眀愀猀 攀瘀愀挀甀愀琀攀搀⤀ 漀渀 伀挀琀 㜀琀栀 ㄀㤀㌀㤀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀愀爀 猀漀 䤀 眀愀猀 愀 眀愀爀 戀愀戀礀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 眀愀猀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀猀氀攀 漀昀 䴀愀渀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 愀渀 攀渀攀洀礀 愀氀椀攀渀㬀 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 ⠀眀栀漀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀渀 愀氀椀攀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 瀀爀攀猀甀洀愀戀氀礀 愀猀猀甀洀攀搀 渀漀琀 琀漀 戀攀 愀渀 攀渀攀洀礀 漀渀攀⤀ 眀愀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 ⠀眀椀琀栀 洀攀 ⴀ 眀栀攀渀 䤀 眀愀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 漀渀攀 礀攀愀爀 漀氀搀⤀ 昀爀漀洀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 琀漀 䈀漀氀琀漀渀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㐀　⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀爀攀渀琀椀挀攀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 猀漀 最漀漀搀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 栀愀渀搀猀 栀攀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 最攀琀 愀 樀漀戀 愀猀 愀 昀甀氀氀礀 焀甀愀氀椀昀椀攀搀 琀漀漀氀洀愀欀攀爀 愀琀 愀渀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀椀渀最 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 椀渀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀

਀ In 1955, with help from friends in England and Germany from before the war, he set up his own small factory again, this time to make balloons as well as print them. I spent much of my school holidays working at the factory. I was called upon to fill in everywhere, from mixing latex dyes to repairing the machinery and replacing workers on the production line. I only now realise what an outstanding training ground this had been for the development of the problem solving skills needed by a research scientist. I am also sure that what I was doing then would contravene present-day health and safety at work regulations. I would have been considered too young and inexperienced to do the sort of maintenance work that I was often called upon to do. I did the stocktaking twice-a-year using a set of old scales with sets of individual gram weights (weighing balloons 10 at-a-time to obtain their average weights), my head, log tables and a sliderule to determine total numbers of various types of balloons. No paradise of microprocessor controlled balances then. After each stocktaking session I invariably felt that I never wanted to see another balloon as long as I lived.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀䴀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 栀愀搀 氀漀猀琀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 愀渀搀 眀攀 氀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 瀀漀漀爀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 䈀漀氀琀漀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀礀 搀椀搀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 琀栀攀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 琀漀 最攀琀 洀攀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀甀氀搀⸀ 䄀猀 昀愀爀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 洀攀愀渀琀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 洀攀 椀渀琀漀 䈀漀氀琀漀渀 匀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 愀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 眀椀琀栀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀愀氀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀猀⸀ 䄀猀 愀 挀漀渀猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 洀椀猀最甀椀搀攀搀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 洀漀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 瀀漀氀椀挀椀攀猀 琀栀椀猀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 栀愀猀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 愀渀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 愀渀搀 椀琀 戀漀琀栀攀爀猀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 䤀 琀漀搀愀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 昀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 洀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 眀愀猀 愀 挀栀椀氀搀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 猀攀渀搀 洀礀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 吀栀漀甀最栀 䤀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 氀椀欀攀 攀砀愀洀猀 漀爀 栀漀洀攀眀漀爀欀 愀渀礀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 欀椀搀猀Ⰰ 䤀 搀椀搀 氀椀欀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀渀琀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 琀椀洀攀 愀猀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀爀攀⸀ 䄀琀 昀椀爀猀琀 䤀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 攀渀樀漀礀攀搀 愀爀琀Ⰰ 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀Ⰰ 最礀洀渀愀猀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 眀漀漀搀眀漀爀欀⸀ 䄀琀 栀漀洀攀 䤀 猀瀀攀渀琀 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 戀礀 洀礀猀攀氀昀 椀渀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 昀爀漀渀琀 爀漀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 洀礀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 眀漀爀氀搀⸀ 䄀猀 琀椀洀攀 眀攀渀琀 戀礀 椀琀 昀椀氀氀攀搀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 樀甀渀欀 愀渀搀 椀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 䤀 栀愀搀 愀 䴀攀挀挀愀渀漀 猀攀琀 眀椀琀栀 眀栀椀挀栀 䤀 ∀瀀氀愀礀攀搀∀ 攀渀搀氀攀猀猀氀礀⸀ 䴀攀挀挀愀渀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀攀搀 戀礀 䘀爀愀渀欀 䠀漀爀渀戀礀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 ㄀㤀　　Ⰰ 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䔀爀攀挀琀漀爀 匀攀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀⸀ 一攀眀 琀漀礀猀 ⠀洀愀椀渀氀礀 䰀攀最漀⤀ 栀愀瘀攀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䴀攀挀挀愀渀漀 愀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 搀椀猀愀猀琀攀爀 愀猀 昀愀爀 愀猀 琀栀攀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀甀爀 礀漀甀渀最 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 椀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀⸀ 䰀攀最漀 椀猀 愀 琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀氀礀 琀爀椀瘀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀礀琀栀椀渀最 愀渀搀 欀椀搀猀 氀漀瘀攀 椀琀 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 椀琀 椀猀 猀漀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 愀渀搀 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 椀琀 椀猀 猀攀搀甀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 挀漀氀漀甀爀攀搀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 椀琀 椀猀 漀渀氀礀 愀 琀漀礀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 䴀攀挀挀愀渀漀 椀猀 愀 爀攀愀氀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀椀渀最 欀椀琀 愀渀搀 椀琀 琀攀愀挀栀攀猀 漀渀攀 猀欀椀氀氀 眀栀椀挀栀 䤀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 挀愀渀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀㨀 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 猀攀渀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀甀挀栀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀爀攀愀搀 愀 渀甀琀 漀渀 愀 戀漀氀琀 愀渀搀 琀椀最栀琀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀挀爀攀眀搀爀椀瘀攀爀 愀渀搀 猀瀀愀渀渀攀爀 樀甀猀琀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 猀琀愀礀 氀漀挀欀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 猀漀 琀椀最栀琀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀愀搀 椀猀 猀琀爀椀瀀瀀攀搀 漀爀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 甀渀猀挀爀攀眀攀搀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀猀 ⠀甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 愀 瀀愀爀琀礀 愀琀 礀漀甀爀 栀漀甀猀攀⤀ 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀戀愀猀椀渀 琀愀瀀 椀猀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 猀漀 琀椀最栀琀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 琀甀爀渀 椀琀 戀愀挀欀 漀渀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 琀漀 甀猀攀 琀栀攀 眀愀猀栀爀漀漀洀 渀攀瘀攀爀 栀愀搀 愀 䴀攀挀挀愀渀漀 猀攀琀⸀

਀ At no point do I ever remember taking religion very seriously or even feeling that the biblical stories were any different from fairy stories. Certainly none of it made any sense. By comparison the world in which I lived, though I might not always understand it in all aspects, always made a lot of sense. Nor did it make much sense that my friends were having a good time in a coffee bar on Saturday mornings while I was in schul singing in a language I could not understand. Once while my father and I were fasting, I remember my mother having some warm croissants - and did they smell good! I decided to have one too - ostensibly a heinous crime. I waited for a 10 ton "Monty Python" weight to fall on my head! It didn't. Some would see this lack of retribution as proof of a merciful God (or that I was not really Jewish because my mother wasn't), but I drew the logical (Occam's razor) conclusion that there was "nothing" there. There are serious problems confronting society and a "humanitarian" God would not have allowed the unaccountable atrocities carried out in the name of any philosophy, religious or otherwise, to happen to anyone let alone to his/her/its chosen people. The desperate need we have for such organisations as Amnesty International has become, for me, one of the pieces of incontrovertible evidence that no divine (mystical) creator (other than the simple Laws of Nature) exists.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀吀栀攀 椀氀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 攀砀挀甀猀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 昀爀攀攀 眀椀氀氀⠀℀⤀Ⰰ 挀漀渀瘀漀氀甀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 挀漀渀昀甀猀椀渀最 愀爀最甀洀攀渀琀猀 戀礀 挀氀攀爀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 最甀愀爀搀椀愀渀猀 漀昀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 洀漀爀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 琀漀 戀攀 樀甀猀琀 猀漀 洀甀挀栀 昀愀渀挀礀 ⠀漀爀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 挀氀甀洀猀礀⤀ 昀漀漀琀眀漀爀欀 搀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 琀漀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀礀 琀栀攀 昀愀猀挀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 戀攀愀甀琀椀昀甀氀氀礀 攀氀攀最愀渀琀 眀漀爀氀搀 䤀 氀椀瘀攀 椀渀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀猀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 漀渀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀 椀琀 琀漀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀戀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 洀礀猀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀漀眀攀爀⸀ 伀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 琀栀攀 攀砀挀甀猀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 栀漀渀攀搀 愀渀搀 瀀漀氀椀猀栀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 洀椀氀氀攀渀椀愀 琀漀 爀攀琀愀椀渀 愀 栀漀氀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 甀渀眀椀氀氀椀渀最 漀爀 甀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 䌀爀漀愀琀椀愀渀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 漀昀 洀椀渀攀 漀渀挀攀 渀攀愀琀氀礀 瀀甀琀 椀琀Ⰰ ∀圀栀攀渀 礀漀甀✀瘀攀 栀愀搀 椀琀 礀漀甀✀瘀攀 栀愀搀 椀琀∀⸀

਀ The humanitarian philosophies that have been developed (sometimes under some religious banner and invariably in the face of religious opposition) are human inventions, as the name implies - and our species deserves the credit. I am a devout atheist - nothing else makes any sense to me and I must admit to being bewildered by those, who in the face of what appears so obvious, still believe in a mystical creator. However I can see that the promise of infinite immortality is a more palatable proposition than the absolute certainty of finite mortality which those of us who are subject to free thought (as opposed to free will) have to look forward to and many may not have the strength of character to accept it.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀嬀䄀昀琀攀爀 愀氀氀 琀栀椀猀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 攀渀搀攀搀 甀瀀 愀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀爀 漀昀 椀搀攀漀氀漀最椀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀搀瘀漀挀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 琀漀 猀瀀攀愀欀Ⰰ 琀栀椀渀欀 愀渀搀 眀爀椀琀攀 椀渀 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 愀渀搀 猀愀昀攀琀礀 ⠀猀甀爀攀氀礀 琀栀攀 戀攀搀爀漀挀欀 漀昀 愀 挀椀瘀椀氀椀猀攀搀 猀漀挀椀攀琀礀⤀⸀ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 瘀攀爀礀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀栀攀渀 挀漀渀昀爀漀渀琀攀搀 戀礀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀Ⰰ 漀爀最愀渀椀猀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀最椀洀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 搀漀 渀漀琀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀猀 愀爀攀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 栀甀洀愀渀 爀椀最栀琀猀⸀ 䤀 昀攀攀氀 漀渀攀 洀甀猀琀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 挀氀愀椀洀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 ∀最漀漀搀∀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 洀甀猀琀 挀漀洀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 ⴀ 琀栀椀猀 挀氀愀椀洀 椀猀 椀渀瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 樀甀猀琀椀昀礀 漀瀀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀⸀ 䘀甀爀琀栀攀爀洀漀爀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 栀愀猀 渀攀瘀攀爀 戀攀攀渀 愀渀礀 挀漀渀猀攀渀猀甀猀 漀渀 眀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 ∀最漀漀搀∀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀猀 漀昀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 昀漀爀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀礀⸀ 吀栀甀猀 䤀 愀洀 愀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀爀 漀昀 䄀洀渀攀猀琀礀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀Ⰰ 愀 栀甀洀愀渀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 愀渀 愀琀栀攀椀猀琀⸀ 䤀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 椀渀 愀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀Ⰰ 搀攀洀漀挀爀愀琀椀挀 猀漀挀椀攀琀礀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀洀攀渀 愀渀搀 洀攀渀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀琀愀氀 攀焀甀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 挀愀渀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 氀椀瘀攀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀椀猀栀Ⰰ 昀爀攀攀 漀昀 挀漀渀猀琀爀愀椀渀琀猀 ⴀ 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀⸀ 䤀 昀攀攀氀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 攀琀栀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀礀 愀爀椀猀攀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 猀漀氀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 愀猀 戀攀猀琀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀Ⰰ 戀礀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 愀洀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀爀甀搀攀 猀椀洀瀀氀椀猀琀椀挀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀漀最洀愀琀椀挀 爀甀氀攀猀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 瀀愀猀琀 洀椀氀氀攀渀渀椀愀 愀渀搀 愀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 琀漀 愀 瀀氀攀琀栀漀爀愀 漀昀 洀礀猀琀椀挀愀氀 挀爀攀愀琀漀爀猀 ⴀ 漀爀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀猀琀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀㬀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀爀攀愀琀漀爀 洀愀猀焀甀攀爀愀搀椀渀最 甀渀搀攀爀 愀 瀀氀攀琀栀漀爀愀 漀昀 瀀猀攀甀搀漀渀礀洀猀⸀ 伀爀最愀渀椀猀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀攀攀欀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 戀礀 挀漀ⴀ漀爀搀椀渀愀琀攀搀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 搀椀猀琀甀爀戀 洀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀 䤀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 最爀漀甀瀀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀礀 愀爀攀 愀挀琀椀渀最 愀渀琀椀搀攀洀漀挀爀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀渀搀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 瀀氀愀礀 渀漀 瀀愀爀琀 椀渀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀猀⸀ 䤀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 瀀爀攀愀挀栀 爀愀挀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 椀搀攀漀氀漀最椀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀攀攀洀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 椀渀搀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀愀戀氀攀 昀爀漀洀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀椀猀洀Ⰰ 瀀愀琀爀椀漀琀椀猀洀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 挀漀渀瘀椀挀琀椀漀渀⸀崀

਀ My art teacher, Mr Higginson, would give me special tuition at lunch times or after school was over. My father made me finish all my homework and I had to stay up until it was not only complete but passed his inspection - midnight if necessary. As time progressed, for reasons which I am not sure I understand, I gravitated towards chemistry, physics and maths (in that order) and these became my specialist subjects in the 6th form. I was keen on sport, and in school I concentrated on gymnastics whilst outside school I played as much tennis as I could. I patterned my backhand (and my haircut) on that of Dick Savitt and my service on that of Neil Fraser. At one time I remember wanting to be Wimbledon champion but decided that this goal was going to be a bit hard to achieve as I seemed to be having too much difficulty winning.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀䤀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 愀渀 甀渀栀攀愀氀琀栀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 攀渀樀漀礀愀戀氀攀 氀攀猀猀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 䐀爀⸀ 圀椀氀昀 䨀愀爀礀 眀栀漀 昀愀猀挀椀渀愀琀攀搀 洀攀 洀漀猀琀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 甀猀椀渀最 愀 最愀猀 戀氀漀眀瀀椀瀀攀 琀漀 洀攀氀琀 氀攀愀搀Ⰰ 琀漀 戀氀漀眀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀漀甀猀氀礀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 猀琀漀瀀瀀椀渀最 琀漀 戀爀攀愀琀栀 椀渀⸀ 䤀Ⰰ 氀椀欀攀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 愀氀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 䤀 欀渀漀眀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀洀攀氀氀猀 愀渀搀 戀愀渀最猀 琀栀愀琀 攀渀搀漀眀攀搀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀愀琀 猀氀椀最栀琀 戀甀琀 挀栀愀爀椀猀洀愀琀椀挀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 搀愀渀最攀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 渀漀眀 戀愀渀渀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀爀漀漀洀⸀ 䤀 愀最爀攀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀昀 甀猀 眀栀漀 昀攀攀氀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀椀洀瀀椀猀栀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀眀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 愀搀漀瀀琀 椀猀 漀渀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 椀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀椀渀最 愀猀 洀愀渀礀 琀愀氀攀渀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀甀爀漀甀猀 礀漀甀渀最猀琀攀爀猀 愀猀 椀琀 漀渀挀攀 搀椀搀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀 椀渀 栀愀渀搀猀ⴀ漀渀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 渀漀琀 爀攀搀爀攀猀猀攀搀Ⰰ 䤀 搀漀甀戀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 猀栀愀氀氀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 ㈀㄀猀琀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 䤀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 攀瘀攀爀 洀漀爀攀 昀愀猀挀椀渀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 ⴀ 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 ⴀ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 攀渀挀漀甀爀愀最攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀椀砀琀栀 昀漀爀洀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 ⠀䠀愀爀爀礀 䠀攀愀渀攀礀Ⰰ 渀漀眀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 愀琀 䰀漀甀最栀戀漀爀漀甀最栀⤀ 琀漀 最漀 琀漀⸀ 匀栀攀昀昀椀攀氀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 栀攀 爀攀挀欀漀渀攀搀 椀琀 栀愀搀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀䬀 ⠀愀渀搀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀⤀ ⴀ 愀 昀爀椀攀渀搀氀礀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀椀攀眀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀洀愀稀椀渀最 吀漀洀洀礀 匀琀攀瀀栀攀渀猀 ⠀挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 洀漀猀琀 昀漀爀戀椀搀搀椀渀最 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 愀琀 一漀琀琀椀渀最栀愀洀⤀ 猀攀琀琀氀攀搀 椀琀⸀

਀ I was born during the war so I just escaped military service. As all the normal places at Oxbridge were already assigned for the next two years to reemerging national servicemen, I needed to achieve scholarship level to get to Cambridge. This turned out to be a bit difficult as I had been assigned a college with an examination syllabus orthogonal to the one that I had studied. Ian McKellen, the actor, who was in the same year at school, only seems to have needed to remember his lines from his part as Henry V in the school play!਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 匀栀攀昀昀椀攀氀搀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀氀欀攀搀 瀀愀猀琀 愀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 愀 渀愀洀攀瀀氀愀琀攀 猀愀礀椀渀最 椀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䄀爀挀栀椀琀攀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 戀攀洀甀猀攀搀 ⴀ 搀椀搀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 搀漀 琀栀愀琀 愀琀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀㼀 䤀 栀愀搀 猀漀洀攀栀漀眀 洀椀猀猀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 挀愀爀攀攀爀猀 愀搀瘀椀挀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀渀ⴀ攀砀椀猀琀攀渀琀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 栀椀渀搀猀椀最栀琀 䤀 愀洀 猀甀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀椀挀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 琀漀搀愀礀 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 氀椀欀攀 愀爀挀栀椀琀攀挀琀甀爀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀渀昀氀愀琀攀搀 洀礀 愀爀琀 愀渀搀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀猀⸀ 䄀琀 匀栀攀昀昀椀攀氀搀 䤀 搀椀搀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 愀猀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀⸀ 䤀渀椀琀椀愀氀氀礀 䤀 氀椀瘀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 椀渀 䠀椀氀氀猀戀漀爀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 渀攀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀栀攀昀昀椀攀氀搀 圀攀搀渀攀猀搀愀礀 昀漀漀琀戀愀氀氀 最爀漀甀渀搀 愀渀搀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 眀愀琀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 ⴀ 瘀攀爀礀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 愀猀 䤀 愀洀 愀 䈀漀氀琀漀渀 圀愀渀搀攀爀攀爀猀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀爀⸀ 䤀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 琀攀渀渀椀猀 愀猀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀氀瀀攀搀 琀漀 最攀琀 洀攀 愀 爀漀漀洀 椀渀 愀 栀愀氀氀 漀昀 爀攀猀椀搀攀渀挀攀 ⠀䌀爀攀眀攀 䠀愀氀氀⤀⸀ 䤀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 琀攀渀渀椀猀 琀攀愀洀 愀渀搀 眀攀 最漀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 唀䄀唀 ⠀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 䄀琀栀氀攀琀椀挀猀 唀渀椀漀渀⤀ 昀椀渀愀氀 琀眀椀挀攀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 琀攀愀洀 眀漀甀氀搀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀栀愀洀瀀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 洀攀 ⴀ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㐀⸀ 䤀 眀愀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀 眀椀琀栀 猀漀洀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 愀爀琀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 洀礀 瀀愀猀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀爀琀 攀搀椀琀漀爀 漀昀 ∀䄀爀爀漀眀猀∀ ⠀琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 攀愀挀栀 琀攀爀洀⤀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀猀椀渀最 椀渀 搀攀猀椀最渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀✀猀 挀漀瘀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀挀爀攀攀渀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 愀搀瘀攀爀琀椀猀椀渀最 瀀漀猀琀攀爀猀⸀ 圀栀椀氀猀琀 愀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 䤀 眀漀渀 愀 匀甀渀搀愀礀 吀椀洀攀猀 戀漀漀欀樀愀挀欀攀琀 搀攀猀椀最渀 挀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀漀渀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 ⠀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀⤀ 瀀爀椀稀攀 䤀 眀愀猀 琀漀 最攀琀 昀漀爀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 氀漀渀最 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䰀愀琀攀爀 洀礀 挀漀瘀攀爀 搀攀猀椀最渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀愀氀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 愀渀搀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 戀爀漀挀栀甀爀攀 ∀䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀琀 匀甀猀猀攀砀∀ 眀愀猀 昀攀愀琀甀爀攀搀 椀渀 ∀䴀漀搀攀爀渀 倀甀戀氀椀挀椀琀礀∀ ⠀愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 椀渀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀椀漀渀愀氀 最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 搀攀猀椀最渀⤀ ⴀ 䤀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 漀渀攀 漀昀 洀礀 戀攀猀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀

਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀㰀⼀栀㐀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀  㰀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀猀 氀椀渀欀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀琀甀渀椀渀最　㘀㌀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀  㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀爀攀最椀漀渀琀攀栀猀渀愀戀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀㰀⼀戀漀搀礀㸀㰀⼀栀琀洀氀㸀